My Tech Tips

The term Social Media is now in common parlance. But what does it actually mean and why has it gained such popularity? A very comprehensive dictionary website called Merriam-Webster (https://www.merriam-webster.com/) gives the following definition

“Forms of electronic communication (such as websites for social networking and microblogging) through which users create online communities to share information, ideas, personal messages, and other content (such as videos)”

Within this definition we can identify countless contenders for inclusion in the market but probably they all come within the following broad categories (with the better-known examples shown):

• Social Networks (Facebook, Linked In)
• Bookmarking sites (Pinterest, Flipboard, Pocket, StumbleUpon)
• Social News sites (Delicious, Digg, Reddit)
• Image Sharing (Instagram, TikTok, Snapchat, Flickr, Pinterest)
• Video Hosting (YouTube, Vimeo)
• Microblogging (Twitter, Tumblr, Facebook)
• Social Discussion Forums (Tripadvisor, Amazon, Trust Pilot)
• Sharing Sites (AirBnb, Freecycle, Gumtree)
• Like Interest sites (Tindr, Grindr, erotica)

What do they each do?
Let’s look at these in turn, bearing in mind that I have only given the more popular examples among the thousands available.
​
Social Networks (Facebook, Linked In)
Social networking is all about keeping in touch with friends, relations and work colleagues and being able to share information with them that you think might be of interest. Facebook has actually turned into a catch all site for sharing almost anything from comments, pictures, jokes, web links and - sadly - vitriol. What started as a fairly benign facility has unfortunately become a platform for weirdos, extremists and rabble rousers. But just like libraries, where you don’t have to read a book you don’t want to, there is no written rule that says you have to read every Facebook post that is shared. The trouble is that Facebook manipulates what users will see by the use of algorithms that analyse what you have previously “clicked upon” and presents you with more of the same. Somewhat akin to the library putting all the books they want you to borrow right inside the door. Notwithstanding this major criticism of Facebook, it can if used sensibly be a tremendous way to keep in touch with friends and relatives.

Bookmarking sites (Pinterest, Flipboard, Pocket, StumbleUpon)
We are used to setting bookmarks on web browsers for sites we regularly go to. Bookmarking sites take this one stage further by providing a repository for our sites and pages of interest. These sites can either be private or they can be used for others to see what you are interested in or recommend.

Social News sites (Delicious, Digg, Reddit)
These sites allow you to share news items with friends. Like bookmarking sites, they can and are usually shared with others and such sites are searchable.

Image Sharing (Instagram, TikTok, Snapchat, Flickr, Pinterest)
As the name implies these sites are where you let other people view photographs and images that you have either produced yourself or are passing on from someone else. Of all the social media sites these have probably come in for the most criticism - especially where young people are concerned - as they have been the focus of illegal activity, child abuse and harassment. Some of the sites enable the sharing of short videos most of which it has to be said are of a banal quality!

Video Hosting (YouTube, Vimeo)
More serious video sharing is handled by these sites of which YouTube is by far the most popular.  YouTube is a veritable gold mine of anything you want to view and acts as an historical encyclopedia of past and current events. Type in anything in the YouTube search box and you can find a film about it. Try “How to wrap a parcel” or “Sweeping a chimney”or “Musical instruments during WW1”.

Microblogging (Twitter, Tumblr, Facebook)
I have written before about blogs (see my article on blogging). Blogs are sites for would-be authors to write about anything they wish. Blogs can run to many pages and can build up into an archive of articles. (Just like MyTechTips in fact). Often, however, you may have something that you want to say that doesn’t run to or require a long article and for this we have Microblogging sites like Twitter which have limitations on the number of words you can include in any one post.

Social Review and Discussion Forums (Tripadvisor, Amazon, Trust Pilot)
These sites are fairly self-explanatory and are well known - even by those people who will say they never use social media!

Sharing Sites (AirBnb, Freecycle, Gumtree)
Similarly, sharing sites bring out the best in people by appealing to their altruism and spirit of neighbourliness. They enable us to help out others with items, facilities and so on. Quite a number of Facebook Groups now service this aspect of social sharing.

Like Interest sites (Tindr, Grindr, erotica)
Lastly there are sites that specifically cater for the more unusual and offbeat interests. I leave your imaginations to wander as you wish!

So what’s the harm?
There is no doubt that Social Media in its various forms has achieved global popularity on a scale that could hardly have been imagined just 20 years ago. It has brought people together, shrunk geographical distances and provided a platform for self-expression with a global reach.
What users don’t always understand is that the phenomenon has turned the whole business model of the internet upside down. Users are no longer the customer of the media sites, they are the sites’ very source material. Even though photos, comments, videos etc remain the users’ Intellectual Property (IP), users may not realise that by signing up to the Terms and Conditions of Facebook they implicitly “grant [Facebook] a non-exclusive, transferable, sub-licensable, royalty-free, worldwide license to use any IP content that you post on…”.
Users can, of course, restrict the distribution of material to a selected audience by changing their privacy settings. However there is nothing to stop any recipient or reader of a user’s material from re-publishing it without such limitations. The golden rule therefore when posting anything on a social media site is that “what goes onto the internet stays on the internet.”
Unlike newspapers, both printed and online, information on social media is not subject to any checks for veracity or any sanction for inaccuracies. With the national press there is recourse to law in the event of libel, lies and falsehood. At the very least publications can be required to print retractions and corrections. Social media does not have the same constraints and the biggest victim of the internet is truth. Given that (as previously described) social media algorithms tailor what users see according to what they have looked at before, lies and inaccuracies are bound to proliferate. “Truth” becomes what you have been conditioned to believe. Whilst it is true that clear libel expressed online can be challenged in law the social media business is renowned for being fairly loosely regulated. An untruth perpetuated across social media can quickly become an established “fact” and lead to all manner of public outcries and demonstrations.
During the current COVID lockdown, social media has certainly come into its own in enabling people to keep in touch with family and friends. But it has also brought with it new harms related to online harassment, child abuse and viciously cruel rudeness. Young girls especially, concerned about image and fashion have literally been driven to suicide by the cruelty displayed online. Adults are not immune to problems. Every day brings a new press revelation about someone’s life being overturned as a result of something said on social media. They may not themselves even have been the publisher of the material that has got them into trouble. This social media today has a lot to answer for.

So should we stop using it?
Despite the risks inherent in social media today I would argue that the benefits still by far outweigh them. They provide world-wide connectivity, reduce isolation, bring like minds and interests together and serve as a platform for self-expression that would otherwise go unheard or read. They offer a limitless source of entertainment for the casual internet surfer and a readily available solution to everyday problems and difficulties.
However, the onus is on users to recognise the potential dangers and use social media sites carefully and thoughtfully.

​When I set up a Facebook Group for our local village community some 18 months ago, I canvassed people's opinion as to their willingness to join the group. Our community is a mixture of all ages so this was quite a useful exercise to gauge opinion. The results are hardly scientific but it is probably fair to say that the younger generation (teens-40) is more disposed to social media than its more senior counterpart. However, a regular comment made was one of concern about the dangers of social media in general and Facebook in particular.
I have often remarked that, in an age when you hear more about data privacy and invasion of personal information and rights than ever before, the majority of people are quite willing to expose themselves (metaphorically but sometimes literally) to world scrutiny. Sadly I feel that this majority does not appreciate quite what happens to their information once they click 'send'.
Firstly, anything they write or 'post' has the potential to be shared instantly around the world.  You can quickly delete a post but, unless you are double quick, the chances are that it has already been shared either directly or indirectly and every share leads exponentially to more shares. There is NO WAY of deleting it entirely from the internet. But, even if people are wise to this risk and are still prepared to take a chance, very few are likely to be aware of the mass of other information about them that is automatically captured by social media. This data about you (called metadata) can include anything that Facebook knows about you from the day you joined. This includes all your friends and family, places you have visited, your likes and dislikes, your political and life style choices and so on.
Facebook and other forms of social media - typically Twitter, Google and You Tube - run what are called algorithms; bits of code that analyse all this metadata. The resultant huge databases about social media users are then exploited by advertisers to populate your personal Facebook stream with adverts tailored exclusively to you.  This is what pays for 'free' social media.
But it is not just adverts that are a worry. Facebook (and others) use these algorithms to tailor everything that you see on your Facebook 'news feed'.  Over time, you will only be presented with items in your feed that particularly play to your personal preferences or views.  And how do they know your preferences and views?  Easy. They determine these from the groups that you join, the people you follow, the other posts and comments that you 'like' and 'dislike' and so on.  Again over time, any contrary view or opinion will be hidden or given far less prominence in material presented in your feed.  
You might say 'Well, that's no worse than reading rubbish in the newspapers.' But think about it for a moment. You can choose what papers (and pages/articles) to read and what items to ignore.  You can't with Facebook because your news is personally selected for you.
In a very recent book by Roger McNamee called 'Zucked. Waking up to the Facebook Catastrophe' (Mark Zuckerberg of course being the CEO of Facebook), these algorithms are called 'filter bubbles'. Now consider that Facebook (with its apps) controls the personal data of nearly 3 Billion people around the world.  That is 40% of the world's population of 7.8 Billion. (figures corrected 2021). Now you can see what influence social media has. Have you woken up yet?????

If there is one indisputable fact about the past year under the Covid restrictions it is that computers and the internet have truly come into their own. Millions of people have (sometimes reluctantly) had to adapt to life online and, without a doubt, digital life has blossomed.  From shopping to keeping in touch with family and friends, the internet has become an essential part of daily life and people have had to learn new skills and ways of coping with the Covid restrictions. 

This has been a godsend for some (not least the purveyors of computer equipment and software); a totally new world for many; and quite frightening for others. The situation has highlighted and exacerbated the so-called digital divide; the gap between those who have or can acquire the necessary IT skills and those who either can not or will not adapt. Cost is a major factor and not everyone has the financial wherewithal to take advantage of the online world even if they want to. This digital divide has compounded the problems of isolation - already bad enough because of the restrictions in place.

One particular aspect of daily life that has changed considerably during the pandemic is the world of consumer banking - everyday use of high street banks and ATMs. The use of cash (notes and coins) for everyday needs has dwindled to such an extent that the amount in circulation (but not being used) is considerably greater than normal. Conversely there has been a dramatic increase in electronic payments by credit card, contactless transactions and by online expenditure. The Bank of England published a very interesting report at the end of 2020 called “Cash in the time of Covid”. Click here for an easy and worthwhile read.

The relationship that people now have with their banking and building society institutions has correspondingly moved away from in the branch/over-the- counter transactions to a far greater and necessary reliance on internet banking. Whilst the younger generation are relaxed about adopting online finance the more senior citizens have a lot of anxiety about no longer being able to handle hard currency - money and cheques - as they have been used to. Whilst they have traditionally been happy to put their trust in their high street bank (even though they can not see the money held on their behalf) they have far less confidence in an internet bank that they can’t see. Notwithstanding this, a surprising statistic is that at the end of 2020 some 80% of British people used some form of online banking; whilst over 25% (or 14 million people) have opened an account with a digital (internet only) bank. (See below for an explanation of this new type of bank.) This would tend to indicate that the level of trust in internet banking in this country is very high and this alone is reassuring.

What is Internet Banking?

For two reasons this article is not a tutorial on internet banking:
Firstly there are so many different banks and finance houses and no two are likely to operate in exactly the same way. Therefore it is best to visit the web site of the bank you are with or proposing to use and follow their guidance and instructions for signing up for internet banking. Naturally, I will not make any recommendations about which bank or type of account to select. Similarly, none of the links I provide in this article constitute any kind of endorsement.
Secondly there are many other sites that give detailed guidance on internet banking in general and I can do no better than to offer some links to trusted sites that tell you all you need to know. I have selected a few that I can recommend with the proviso always that I am not responsible for the content of external sites. 
It is important to understand that there is a major difference between banks and finance houses that have both a physical (high street) presence and internet access, and others that are designated “Internet Only”. The latter can often be attractive because they sometimes offer higher interest rates and benefits purely because they do not have the overheads of premises and staff.  Be careful before opting just for attractive offers.
Similarly online banking can be conducted on a range of devices - on computers, on laptops and tablets and on mobile phones. Many banks have a special app you can download to use on phones and tablets.

Recommended Links

There is a wealth of information on the internet about online banking and I only show below a few of what I think are sites of a more general nature (not related to a particular bank or service) and those which are aimed at the older generation. Never forget that you can use Google (or other search engine) to narrow down your questions. At the end of this selection of links I will also highlight some key golden rules to follow to keep yourself (and your money) safe.

Age UK has a very informative and helpful site that covers most of what you need to know - including how to start the process if you are new to it. See their advice by clicking their logo here​

Money UK
Lastly a valuable resource is the Money UK website which covers all things to do with money but has a detailed section on internet banking. Click on its logo here to find the article about how internet banking works.​

Some Golden Rules for Staying Safe 
Internet Banking is remarkably safe considering the number of scare stories that one reads about daily. That is not to say that standards across the industry are necessarily the same. Which magazine conducts an annual survey to assess the security of internet banking. Its latest report (September 2020) compares 16 banks and building societies. Read it here Don’t be too downhearted if your own bank does not compare well because you need to remember that the survey is conducted rigorously to quite demanding security standards, carried out by cyber security experts attempting to break the web sites' defences.
Of all the risks surrounding internet banking (and indeed use of the internet in general) perhaps one of the greatest is the individual user. Human failings, carelessness and failure to observe basic caution account for more cases of lost money and data than the common risks. At all times one needs to stay aware and alive to all the risks. Just as you would not (should not) leave the house unoccupied without securing it or walk down the street with a handbag open or a wallet on show, neither should you feel you are safe just because you are sitting comfortably at your computer or device. So please adopt basic internet safety behaviour at all times especially where money is concerned.

There are some particular things to watch out for:

• Always ensure you use strong passwords.
• Never disclose your passwords to anyone else.
• Remember that Banks will NEVER ask you for your password.
• Beware of any email purporting to be from your bank or building society and never follow a “click-through” in an email. Always visit the site yourself and log on in the usual way, not by following an email link.
• Whenever possible avoid conducting secure business in public or on open (free) wifi services such as in cafes and hotels.
• If you are using an app on a mobile device use your mobile data service not open wifi.
• When in public, maintain your privacy and watch out for what is called “shoulder-surfing” by someone else.
• Always ensure that the banking site you are visiting has https:// and the padlock symbol in its internet address. This denotes it is a secure site.
• Always check your bank statements.
• Where offered, sign up for paperless statements. Paper statements are much easier to intercept and misuse.
• Always log off from your internet banking site when you have finished. (The more reputable sites will do this automatically but don’t assume it will be done).
• Lastly, something you can do safely is let someone know your Bank, Sort Code and Account name if they are going to pay you. However, make sure you know who you are dealing with first.

Summary
Internet banking is safe and very convenient provided you stay alert and follow the basic rules outlined above and as instructed by your bank.

​

Keeping regular backups of data should be as routine as brushing your teeth twice a day - something you should do automatically. In this article I look at the subject of backups of your data and where you should store them. There are some basic points to understand about backing up data and I need to go through them here first.

Why back up? This ought to be fairly easy to answer and yet it is surprising how many people overlook the need. Although computers these days are pretty reliable they are not infallible and they can and do go wrong - sometimes quite disastrously. We all keep information (data) on our computers and tablets that is important to us. Invariably it comprises memories in the form of photographs, videos and other records. We also write quite a lot and send and receive emails from friends and businesses. Those who may be writing professionally or who are, perhaps, documenting their family history (for example) would be horrified if all their efforts were suddenly to disappear. Think of the heartache if you were to lose hundreds of much-loved family and holiday photos. Common sense should dictate that you keep a copy of the most precious material.

Think about where to keep copies. It is very easy to make a copy of something and keep it alongside the original. However, you would be surprised at how many people will think they are religiously copying data only for me to find that they are - but on the same computer! They lay themselves open to the same risks as not making copies of the data in the first place. If their computer fails completely they simply lose two copies of their data. The golden rule about copies is that they must be kept in a different place or on a different medium to the originals.

Keep copies safe, secure out of sight. Exactly where this “different place” is will depend on how you perceive your vulnerability to other risks such as burglary, house fire or flood. Keeping a copy of data in the same house is better than not keeping a copy at all but it still potentially leaves you open to loss. You can minimise this loss, of course, by investing in a secure, lockable and fireproof container that is not easily removable. A wall safe is ideal. Alternatively it is possible to make copies and store them “off-site” in a separate secure location. Many businesses will do this in a secure back-up building outside their main premises. The only drawback to this is that every time you wish to update your copies you must retrieve them from wherever they are stored in order to do so. The way to overcome this is to keep digital copies of data (not physical ones such as disks) and keep those digital copies on someone else's computer. These days that someone else will most probably be computer storage provided on the internet - commonly called “in the cloud”.

Is one copy enough? Lastly, it is worth considering whether keeping just one copy of your data is sufficiently safe. If, for some reason, your backup location fails what will you then do. Although this is likely to be a rare occurrence it is not impossible for an internet/cloud-based company to go out of business with disastrous consequences for its customers. Maybe, if you are from the “belt and braces” school you might feel that a second copy kept at a different location might reduce your risks to the minimum. Many businesses follow this rule. For the average home user it is most probably 'overkill'.

Did you know?  In fact I didn’t but there is actually a World Backup Day! This year it is on 31st March 2021. You can find out about it on a dedicated website which contains many of the messages I have already outlined. You can read it here.

Type of Backup 
With these points in mind the rest of this article will look at the different types of backup and leave you to decide what is best for you. I’ll cover them under the following headings:

• Local In-Built
• Local External
• Off-Site
• Internet-based

Local In-Built. Using this term I am referring to keeping a backup copy of data on the same device as the original. Although this option is definitely better than nothing at all, it is by far not one to rely on.  You need to create a separate folder on your computer (which you can call ‘Data’, ‘Archive’, ‘Memories’ or whatever name you choose) and regularly copy your important stuff to that folder. You can create sub-folders as necessary. For those of you who are more technically-minded you might be aware that you can set up completely separate areas (called ‘partitions’) on your computer and these are allocated a letter of the alphabet to denote their name. You are probably already used to seeing something like C:/username on your file explorer. This is called a “Drive”. The C: Drive is where all the computer’s programs are stored and (unless you tell it otherwise) where the computer also stores your data. It is perfectly possible - and indeed desirable - to create a separate Drive (Partition) which will take a different letter of the alphabet. Commonly this will be the next available letter so it is pretty usual to see a D: Drive. I have not gone into detail about how to partition your disk to create separate drives but I needed to explain the concept for the purposes of this article. It is quite good practice to use the D: Drive to hold your data as this keeps it separate from the programs and operating system held in the C: Drive. This greatly eases the task of making copies of your data for security purposes because you don't have to go searching through your computer to find it all. (Later on, when I look at external drives connected to your computer you will find that they are automatically allocated a different letter as their ‘root’ name.) 
Do note of course that, although you may have your data held on its own drive, a D: Drive, this is only the original version of your data. It is not in itself a copy. People therefore feel that by making a copy of this data elsewhere on their computer they have somehow met the requirements of a backup. That is fine until the whole computer fails. This argues for backups to be held externally to the computer as in the next section.

Local External There are two options in this category the first of which is becoming far less used. They are CDs/DVDs and Removable Hard Drives.
​ 
CDs/DVDs
Data can be stored on a removable medium such as a CD or DVD disk. Some computers come complete with a mechanical drive that slides out of the computer and into which one places a recordable disk. Most people will be familiar with this. The slide out tray may be held in a laptop or computer tower.

Doubtless you will have heard and read a lot about the row that has broken out in Australia about Facebook’s right to publish news material on its users' pages and feeds. The publishers (the news media and journalists) argue that because their news content "shared" on a Facebook user’s page can be read by countless other people, then Facebook should pay the source of the news item just as if people who read it on Facebook had bought the newspaper or published article from the original source. Furthermore, they argue that, since the news item is quite likely to appear on the same page as an advert for a product related to that news item from which Facebook derives a revenue from the advertiser (for every time someone clicks on that advert), then Facebook are getting benefit from the item without any journalistic effort on their part.

This might be a valid argument were it not for the fact that Facebook itself is not "publishing" the article as such and that (Facebook would argue) it cannot predict or rule how much news feed Facebook users might wish to share. They would argue that it is the Facebook user who is the publisher NOT Facebook and it would be patently impractical to levy a charge against the millions users of Facebook who share news items. If you share a news item with a family member or group, are you publishing that news item in the true sense or merely repeating what you have heard or read?

Supporting the journalistic claim, the Australian Government threatened to bring in a law to mandate payment by social media companies like Facebook for the benefit they get from news items. In retaliation, Facebook temporarily blocked users in Australia from being able to read such news items on their news feeds. In fact, both parties then backed down and a calmer approach is currently being thrashed out.

Whilst there is a degree of logic in the media publishers' argument and undoubtedly people are reading their output without buying a newspaper or article, or subscribing to an internet-based news site, this totally ignores the universality of Facebook and the internet as a conveyor and sharer of information worldwide. As Sir Tim Berners-Lee (the architect of the World Wide Web) himself says "the Australian law could make the internet as we know it “unworkable,” arguing that it “risks breaching a fundamental principle of the web by requiring payment for linking between certain content online.”

Sir Nick Clegg (remember him?) who is now Vice President for Global Affairs for Facebook has today published an excellent article on this subject and indicated the way the affair might pan out. You can read his article here.

​In my previous article giving some thoughts about what sort of computer to get (read it here) I wrote at some length on the subject, describing the different forms of computer and what questions you should ask yourself before parting with your money.  I promised a further two articles about where to buy your computer and what kind of printer to purchase.  I decided that I can best cover these two items in one combined post. Let’s look first at the subject of printers after which I shall suggest a short checklist of some of the factors to consider when looking at the buying options for all your IT needs.
 
Printers
Many of the questions I suggested that you need to consider when buying a computer apply equally to the purchase of a printer. Factors like where will you keep it; how often will you use it; what kind of items are you likely to print; etc can have an impact on your choice. For instance if space is at a premium it might not be advisable to invest in a large, office type machine.  Having said this, remember that most printers these days have a wireless capability so it is not always necessary to site the machine in the same room as your computer. Do bear in mind, though, that too many regular trips to the printer in another room can be come tiresome. Similarly, if you don’t think you will need a high-quality colour capability for photo work then scale down your options accordingly.  One possibility is to get a small portable printer that can produce factory quality colour prints in a 4x6” or similar size. Watch out for the price of the special paper here though.
 
Types of Printer
We have come a long way over the years from some of the clunky old printers of yesteryear. Two of the earliest printers followed the principle of the typewriter with fixed, pre-cast metal letters and ink ribbons. Here you can see a Barrel Line Printer and a Daisy Wheel Printer.
​

​Then came the Dot Matrix printers that used a print head impacting/striking the paper through a ribbon (again much like a typewriter). The difference between these and earlier printers was that the dot matrix printers work on impacting either a sheet-fed paper hopper or a continuous reel of paper with perforations to separate each sheet. This style of printer can still be bought today and is useful where multi-copy forms are being printed.
​

The other significant difference between the dot matrix printer and earlier ones was that the characters produced on the screen are not created by pressing an exact letter shape against a printer ribbon but by “firing” part of the print head against the ribbon forming the character on the paper in a pattern of dots.
​

​These dot matrix print heads evolved to become the basis of today’s printers which, instead of firing pins against a ribbon, send a burst of ink at the paper. These are called Inkjet and Bubble Jet printers. With these printers and all modern ones you buy replacement ink tanks or cartridges, instead of print ribbons, when you need replacements (which is when the print starts to fade).
It is possible to get ink cartridges that are re-fillable but this can be a messy process and also quite expensive to set up initially.
Replacement cartridges from the maker of the printer can be relied upon to give good results. However, there are many places on the internet where you can buy what are called “compatible” ink cartridges. These are not produced by the printer manufacturer but by a third party. Manufacturers will give you dire warnings about the dangers of using other than genuine replacement cartridges, citing machine damage through to poor print quality. I must say, however, that I have used many compatible inks over the years and have seldom had any problem with them.  
 
For the more professional printer output there are also Laser printers which can be bought either for Black & White or Colour. They work by firing an ink powder (toner) onto the paper. However, you need deep pockets for these - especially when it comes to buying replacement “toner” cartridges.
 
All-in-One printers   It is unusual these days to find a printer that just does printing. The majority of printers now act as copiers and scanners and these capabilities are provided “all-in-one”. Generally speaking this type of printer should really be the one to opt for. They don't usually cost much more than a simple printer without copier or scanner.
 
Where Should I Buy My IT Equipment?
Whether it is a computer, tablet or printer there is no shortage of options for where to buy from. These range from major stores; specialist computer shops; direct manufacturer sales; any number of small suppliers; Amazon and private sellers. Below I have offered a check list of some of the things to consider. These points apply whatever type of IT equipment you are buying.

• Generally speaking it pays to shop around and compare prices before deciding.
• It is also important to beware of the reliability of the seller. This is unlikely to be a problem with major department stores but definitely worth a good deal of research if it is a private seller.
• With a private sale be careful about parting with cash until receipt of the goods. If this is not possible, always use credit card since they include some consumer protection should the goods prove faulty or fraudulent.
• Make use of review sites and customer reports always bearing in mind that sometimes these can be “economical with the truth”.
• Make sure you have a clear idea of what you want your purchase to include – in other words its specification.
• Check after-sales service and all-important guarantees. I would generally advise you to steer clear of after-sales support packages from stores which are often offered in order to bump up the salesman’s totals. Some major stores will include a complementary guarantee in the sale and these can be excellent value.
• Unless you are adventurous you should go for known makes rather than custom-built machines.
• Be careful when comparing prices that you are looking at like for like; what might look like a better price might hide a smaller memory or less powerful processor.
• Look at the year of manufacture and try to buy the most recent model.
• If buying off the internet make sure that you cost in delivery prices.
• New or second-hand? Don’t necessarily discard the second-hand market as you can sometimes obtain more power and features for the same money as a new machine.
• Always make sure when looking at an advert that the necessary peripherals are included. What looks like a good computer and screen might actually not have a keyboard or mouse with it and these will add to the cost.
• Always face the fact that the minute one buys anything there will surely be a better model on sale the next day!
• Lastly remember my earlier advice; if you have carried out your proper research and made your choice, you should avoid the disappointment of regretting what you have bought.

Summary
Any major purchase involves a degree of risk. However, if you take time in reaching your decision and remember the guidelines I have suggested you should have nothing to worry about.

​I am frequently asked for advice about what computer, printer, phone or tablet to buy.  This is always one of the most difficult questions to answer because there are so many variables and it all depends on personal preferences. In this article I shall try to provide some general guidance about what kind of things to look for; what options exist; what is best in any price range; and (importantly) what the equipment is to be used for. 

This guide has the following sections:

• Introduction  
• Questions to ask yourself first
  • What am I going to use my new equipment for?
  • How much do I want to spend (New/Used)?
  • How frequently am I going to use it?
  • Where am I going to use it?
  • Do I have any dexterity/eyesight problems?
  • What have I currently got and do I really need to change?  
• Categories of Equipment
  • Computers *
  • Tablets ++
  • Mobile Phones ++
  • Printers**

* In a second article I shall look at the various buying options so look out for Computers – Where to Buy in the next week or so. 

** Nine times out of ten when someone asks me about buying a computer they will couple this with a request for advice about a printer to go with it. Therefore do look out for the third article Printers - What to get on this subject.

++ Other than some general comments about tablets & mobile phones I do not intend to cover them in much detail in this article but may return to them at a future date. 
 
Introduction
Disclaimer. Before I begin I need to stress that there are no right or wrong answers when it comes to choosing computers and IT equipment. Any suggestions that I make are for guidance only and do not constitute recommendations to buy. However, I have many years’ experience in selecting and procuring equipment both in the public and private sectors as well as for personal use. I have learnt some hard lessons over the years that have instilled in me a number of maxims as follows:

• Think and plan before you buy.
• Draw up a budget and adhere to it.
• Remember that a higher price is not necessarily a guarantee of higher quality.
• Never be rushed into a decision for fear of missing an opportunity.
• Sticking to current, proven technologies is often more advisable than “trail-blazing” with the latest “must have”.
• Realise that the minute you have chosen and made your purchase there will always be something just that little bit better coming on to the market. Such is the pace of technological change that we have to accept the inevitability of this fact of life.
• Be honest with yourself when answering the key questions below.

Questions to ask yourself first
What am I going to use my new equipment for? Whether your proposed purchase is a computer, a tablet, a mobile phone or a printer, decide what you want to do with it. If you just want a basic computer to enable you to send and receive emails; connect to and look up things on the internet; and write a few letters; there is no need to buy an all-singing all-dancing model. Most basic computers these days are pretty powerful and are well capable of meeting the demands of today’s universal requirements for shopping and video-calling.
Conversely, if you think you might be tempted to be more adventurous once you have got used to the item, don’t expect a basic machine suddenly to be capable of things like online gaming, high quality photography, online entertainment, videos and concerts. When buying technology it is definitely ‘horses for courses'.
 
How much do I want to spend (New/Used)? Deciding how much to spend on your purchase should not be limited just to the cost of the item itself.  There is a factor in procurement, particularly of computers, called ‘Whole Life Cost’. Unfortunately, especially in public sector procurement, the WLC is not always counted in to the business decision. When working on a government computer procurement contract in the early 2000s, I was asked how cheaply I could purchase a computer for. I obtained a quote for a bulk purchase of a bottom of the range computer and communicated this cost. I had to explain that this did not include software; training; maintenance; power; planned replacements; etc. These are all factors that can make a huge difference to an investment decision.  Sadly, the basic computer cost was the figure that appealed to senior staff anxious to demonstrate “efficient government procurement” and this was seized upon with glee! The hoped-for savings could never be achieved.
At the personal, domestic level it is still important to work out how much your computer is going to cost you over its life. If it is a printer for example, it is well known that the basic cost of one can be very low. Manufacturers often sell these “at cost” or less because they make their money from the subsequent purchase of printer ink. A key factor to examine therefore is the estimated ink usage per 100 sheets of paper and, hence, the number of new inks you will need to buy over the life of the printer.
Don’t necessarily discard the second-hand option. Bought from reliable sources, a used machine can offer a much higher specification and performance capability than a new one at a comparable cost. If you consider this alongside your planned use of the equipment, an older machine may be perfectly capable of meeting one's basic needs for a good number of years.
 
How frequently am I going to use it?  You may not feel that this is an important factor but it can guide you to the sort of equipment to buy.  If like me you spend a good proportion of the day at your computer, you need to buy something that meets your style of working. For example, if buying a laptop that has a small screen and will be used (literally) on your lap or a cushion tray, you need to consider the ergonomic aspects of the machine. If it becomes uncomfortable to stay at the screen for long then this is no good for an enthusiastic user who spends a long time working.  A desktop computer is preferable as you can adapt the working position to your needs for lengthy periods.
Similarly, the amount of printing you plan to do can determine the size and position of your printer. If you rarely print anything, then a small portable printer can suffice. If you regularly print both colour and black and white and do quite a bit of copying, this will similarly have a bearing on your choice.
 
Where am I going to use it? Allied to the previous question is location. Will you regularly do your work at a desk or are you likely to take your equipment outside and on trips? Portability is obviously an issue for the latter.
If you want to be able to use the computer anywhere in the house – sometimes downstairs and at other times in the bedroom – then relying simply on a desktop computer that usually needs to be in a fixed position will not be for you. Many people now take lots of photos and modern tablets and mobile phones have a capability that rivals high end cameras.
 
Do I have any dexterity or visual/hearing problems? If you have problems with (for example) arthritis or have visual or hearing impairment, these need to be taken into consideration – especially for the size of any keyboard and screen. Some printer controls can be quite “fiddly” and you need to be aware of this before buying. Hearing problems may call for special software or speakers, whilst people without any vision can still find equipment designed for the blind and partially-sighted.
 
What have I already got and do I really need to change?  Sometimes it is a case of ‘better the devil you know’ and the attraction of a shiny new computer or tablet may be exciting but can bring with it a complete change to the way you have been used to working. A good example of this concerns the Windows operating system. It is well known that people used to earlier versions of Windows are often completely baffled when faced with the totally different layout (or User Interface as it is called) of the latest Windows 10. It is no surprise to learn that there is software available and regularly used that can make Windows 10 look like earlier versions.
If your desire to change is driven by frustration with the capabilities of your current computer, maybe you can consider updating some of the components of your present machine. You can add extra processing power and memory, buy a larger screen for your desktop, or add external storage if your current computer is getting full.
 
Summary. The military have a saying; “Time spent in reconnaissance is seldom time wasted.” Don’t rush into a buying decision without careful forward planning.
 
Categories of Equipment
This section of the article is about the various types of equipment you are likely to encounter and consider buying. I will look briefly at the following in turn: 

• Computers
• Tablets
• Mobile Phones
• Printers 

Computers
You may recall an earlier article of mine in which I looked at the history of computers and how they work. You can read it again here. These days computers are extremely powerful and come in all shapes and sizes. The Apple Watch on your wrist is a full-blown computer in its own right and is thousands of times more powerful than the computers that took the first man to the moon.
Generally speaking, a computer can be either a desktop, a laptop or a hand-held device.  Desktop computers can be either a screen with a separate computer box (or tower) or – more commonly now – an All-in-One device that has the computer workings and storage built in to the screen itself. The All-in-One variety saves on space requirements and avoids the need for a lot of trailing cables underneath your desk. The one main drawback is that it is much more difficult to gain access to the workings of the computer should you need to repair if or wish to add further components.
On the left below is a tower desktop and on the right an All-in-One.

Main things to look for​
Computer come in a wide range of sizes, formats and capabilities. The three main things to consider are the size of the screen, the amount of processing power, and the quantity of data storage.
 
Screen The size of the screen you need will depend on your eyesight as well as the space you have available to position the computer. Screens these days are of exceptional quality, are usually flat and are light years away from the old cathode ray tubes. Like modern television sets, screens vary considerably in picture quality, clarity etc, so it always pays to view before you buy if at all possible.
Increasingly these days, input of data and “navigation” round the computer screen is by means of touch, using the fingers directly onto the screen. Anyone familiar with a computer tablet (see later) will already be adept at using a touch capability.
 
Processing Power The processing power of a computer comprises two components which are the ‘engine’ or “chip” and the memory. The chip governs the speed with which your machine can perform calculations and handle all the tasks the computer has to carry out. The memory is effectively the working space for the processor. This working space is referred to as Random Access Memory (RAM). Think of it as the space available on a physical desk/table top or work area.  With a larger desk you can have a greater number of papers or books open around you as you work; a smaller desk means you will have to keep changing the position of your paperwork to be able to refer to it. With the computer, the size of RAM governs the amount of work the computer can carry out at one time without changing the contents of the memory. RAM is measured in Gigabytes. The more RAM you have the more work you can do at one time. Note, however, that if the RAM is not matched by an equally powerful processor chip the speed of your work will slow down. Consider 2GB of RAM as a minimum. 
 
Data Storage Data storage is enabled on computers by means of internally-held storage facilities. In the past these were always in the form of a hard “drive” which was controlled by the computer and able to both read and write information to the stack of disks inside the drive.  Here is a picture of a typical computer hard disk drive (HDD) and, alongside, an exploded diagram showing the inner workings with moveable read/write arms.
​

​In a desktop computer the HDD disk itself is standardised at 3.5” in diameter. In a laptop it is 2.5”.

​The storage capacity of a hard disk drive, measured in Gigabytes, will vary. When buying a computer it is best to avoid anything smaller than 250GB, but this size is perfectly adequate for the average home user. If your disk is starting to reach its capacity the easy solution is to invest in an external backup drive. (Backup drives and other forms of external storage will be covered in another article.)
Increasingly, internal (and external) storage disks are built not as a stack of hard round plates with moveable read/write arms (as in the above picture) but in what is called Solid State. This consists of an array of silicon chips with no moving parts. A Solid State Drive (SSD) is smaller and more reliable but does cost a little more.
 
Tablets
I mentioned earlier that more and more computers these days have a touch capability enabled. This capability gave rise to a blossoming market for the sale of tablets. Indeed, for many people these days a tablet might be their first introduction to computers. Having a desktop or laptop computer is now by no means a pre-requisite to being able to carry out all the functions previously only possible on a larger computer.
Tablets are now very much in our common vocabulary. The original tablet was the Apple iPad but many other varieties now exist. However, to some extent the Apple nomenclature has entered everyday language and you may hear reference to an iPad even if it is made by another manufacturer such as Samsung.
As I have depicted above, some machines on the market today are built with a dual functionality; they can be operated very much as a laptop or the screen can be “flipped” or detached and perform as a tablet.
I do not propose to go into any detail on tablets in this article but may return to it at some future occasion.
 
Mobile Phones
No article on computers could be complete without mentioning mobile phones. Though they were very different bits of equipment in the past, mobile phones these days are essentially computers in their own right. Many look just like a mini tablet and can perform most of the same functions. We have come a very long way from the original telephone.

​Printers
Nine times out of ten when someone asks me about buying a computer they will couple this with a request for advice about a printer to go with it. As with some of the other topics in this article, I will not delve into printers but look out for a future article on them.

When I set up this site I said that I would occasionally recommend other websites and articles that I feel are worth visiting. The article below is reproduced by kind permission of Julie at The Helpful Book Company. Julie writes their weekly Tech Tips newsletter (yes, surprisingly, there are other Tech Tips sites around as well as mine. However, Julie's is far more professional than mine could hope to be.) This week's article by Julie is about something very topical and important which potentially affects us all. The very last sentence says it all.
The Helpful Book Company also offers a comprehensive range of courses and books to help you navigate your way through the technology jungle. You can visit their site and sign up for the free weekly newsletter here.

Today, I want to talk a bit about chips.  Not the tasty fried-potato foodstuff (mmm… chips), but the rather more techy silicon variety – microchips.
Now, you probably already realise that microchips are everywhere these days – not just in PCs, tablet and phones, but in TVs, washing machines, your central heating system, your car (unless you’ve got a proper classic)... even your dog.  But you might not know just how many there are.  I was reading an article the other day, and apparently the average new car uses over 100 separate microchips.  For a car!
And I’m afraid that, when it comes to making all these chips, there’s some "trouble at t’mill".
With the whole world in various degrees of lockdown over the last year, there’s been a massive surge in the number of people wanting new kit – laptops so they can work from home, tablets and other gadgets for video calling, games consoles to keep them occupied… On top of that, countries are rolling out the 5G mobile network (which needs yet more chips) – and the chip makers just can’t keep up!
It’s led to a serious shortage – particularly for car manufacturers (who need a slightly different type of chip from most other tech) but for tablet and phone makers, too.  Some car companies have already had to slow down or stop production entirely, because they just don’t have the chips to finish the job – according to the BBC, it’s been dubbed “chipageddon” by someone in the car industry!  Colourful.
But how does it affect other tech, and you specifically?
Well – there are two options when there’s a big shortage like this.  Either manufacturers start making more chips, or you end up with less choice and higher prices.  Sadly, in this case, it looks like it’s going to be the second.  Setting up a new factory to make silicon chips isn’t quick or easy – it’s a very fiddly, technical process – so it’s not really an option here.
It’s unlikely to affect the really big companies like Apple, because they’ve got very deep pockets and a lot of clout.  But the smaller tech firms might find themselves struggling for parts this year.
So my advice would be, if you’re thinking of investing in a new bit of kit, either do it now before the price goes up or wait a year or so for everything to settle down.